中学英语时态时态总结之三 – 过去完成时 (The Past Perfect Tense
在上一期的时态归结中,我们总结了如今完成时的组成和用法,明天我们要报告的是简单与之混合的已往完成时。已往完成时在构造上十分相似如今完成时,但前后的发作工夫差别。
根本界说:已往完成时 (The Past Perfect Tense)是指已往某一工夫发作的行动大概曾经发作(或完成)的行动对已往的某一个时辰形成了影响(或成果)。要和如今完成时辨别了解,我们能够先来看上面这2张图:
从图中我们能够发明,已往完成时针对已往的已往曾经发作的工作大概行动,对已往这个工夫点有影响。
而如今完成时是已往的行动持续了影响到如今。
根本构造普通必定句:主语 + had + 动词的已往分词
(关于动词的已往分词请拜见“中学英语时态时态总结之二 – 如今完成时 ” 篇)
When I went to the cinema, I realized that I had left the tickets at home.
当我抵达影戏院时,我认识到我把影戏票落在了家里。
(去看影戏针对语言是已往的工夫发作的,以是是已往时,而影戏票遗忘在我走落发门去影戏院之前,是已往的已往。因为遗忘影戏票对看影戏形成影响)
否认情势: 主语 + had + not + 动词的已往分词
John?didn’t pass the examination, for he ?had not reviewed his lesson.
John 没有经由过程测验,由于他之前没有好好温习。
(没有经由过程测验是已往的行动,在测验前温习是已往的已往,二者有因果干系)
普通疑问句:Had + 主语+动词的已往分词+ ?
必定答复:Yes, 主语 + had.
否认答复:No, 主语 + hadn’t.
Mother: Had you finished your homework when I came back?
你在我返来前把功课做完了吗?
Son: Yes, I had.
是的,做完了。
特别疑问句:特别疑问词或词组 + had + 主语 + 已往分词 +?
How many countries had you visited before you went to China?
来中国前你游历了几个国度?
根本用法:1.?暗示在已往某一时辰(或已往的某行动从前)完成了的行动,即“已往的已往”。能够用by + 已往工夫,before等介词短语或一个工夫状语从句(在复合句中,由工夫毗连词指导)暗示,大概偶然能够经由过程高低文来暗示。
We had received about 200 letters by ?9 o’clock last night.
停止昨晚9点,我们曾经收到年夜概200封的来信。
2. 和for + 一段工夫,大概since组成的工夫状语连用,能够暗示由已往的某一时辰开端,不断持续到已往另外一工夫(更接近如今)的行动或形态。
We had waited for 20 minutes in the heavy rain when a taxi finally came to pick us.
我们在年夜雨中等了20分钟直到有一辆出租车来接我们。
3. ?报告关于已往发作的工作,在报告了已往发作的工作以后,又再追述或补述在这从前所发作的行动,利用已往完成时。
Mr Brown died yesterday. He had worked for this factory ?since 1988.
布朗师长教师今天逝世了(已往发作的)。他从1988年开端为这家工场事情(逝世前的工作,已往的已往)。
4. 由when, before, after, as soon as, until, till指导的状语从句中,假如呈现两个发作在已往的行动,发作在更前的用已往完成时,发作在后的用普通如今时。
I didn’t go to sleep until I had finished my work.
我直到完成了我的事情才去睡觉 (完成事情在前,睡觉在后)
When I arrived there, they had already gone.
当我抵达那边,他们曾经走了。(走在我抵达之前)
5. 和动词think, plan, want, hope, mean一同利用暗示已往不曾完成和完成的设法、希望大概筹算、方案。
We had planned to arrive at 8 o’clock last night, but the airplane was delayed due to the bad weather.
我们原方案昨晚8点抵达的,可是因为坏气候飞机耽搁了。
6. 用在said, told, knew, heard,thought等曾经变成已往式的动词以后的宾语从句中,从句的行动发作在主句之前。
He thought that he had met her in somewhere before.
他以为他之前有在那里见过她。
?断定标记英语中年夜部门的时态我们都能够经由过程句子中呈现的工夫状语来判定
凡是对应已往完成时的有以下工夫标记:
1. by the end of + 已往的工夫点
By the end of last year, I had learned over three thousand of English words.
到客岁底为止,我曾经学了超越3000个英语单词。
2. by + 已往的工夫点
I had written five articles by the last night.
从昨晚开端我曾经写了5篇文章。
3.?hardly when, no sooner than
Hardly when 和no sooner than和已往完成时一同用时较为特别,在乎思上行动的前后工夫差别其实不较着,偶然候能够说险些是同时发作的,它的意义是“险些将来得及做完A这件事,紧接着就开端发作B这件事了。
别的要留意利用hardly大概no sooner置于句首时,前面的句子需求利用主谓倒装构造
Hardly had I got to the bus stop when the bus started.
No sooner had I got to the bus stop than the bus started.
上面两句都暗示我一到车站,车就开走了的意义。